Density |
0.190 - 9.01 g/cc |
Average value: 7.79 g/cc Grade Count:1432 |
Porosity |
0.000 - 5.00 % |
Average value: 2.97 % Grade Count:15 |
Particle Size |
0.000 - 300 µm |
Average value: 37.9 µm Grade Count:88 |
Permeability |
0.0150 - 1.00 |
Average value: 0.509 Grade Count:4 |
Thickness |
20.0 - 508 microns |
Average value: 86.8 microns Grade Count:14 |
Mechanical Properties |
Metric |
Comments |
Hardness, Brinell |
80.0 - 600 |
Average value: 251 Grade Count:564 |
Hardness, Knoop |
97.0 - 662 |
Average value: 301 Grade Count:276 |
Hardness, Rockwell A |
51.1 - 58.0 |
Average value: 54.0 Grade Count:8 |
Hardness, Rockwell B |
37.0 - 130 |
Average value: 86.2 Grade Count:503 |
Hardness, Rockwell C |
10.0 - 71.0 |
Average value: 39.6 Grade Count:447 |
Hardness, Vickers |
82.0 - 1100 |
Average value: 294 Grade Count:339 |
Tensile Strength, Ultimate |
32.3 - 3100 MPa |
Average value: 935 MPa Grade Count:1729 |
Tensile Strength, Yield |
25.0 - 2500 MPa |
Average value: 669 MPa Grade Count:1638 |
Elongation at Break |
0.000 - 88.0 % |
Average value: 26.5 % Grade Count:1583 |
Elongation at Yield |
0.000 - 62.0 % |
Average value: 22.7 % Grade Count:22 |
Reduction of Area |
0.500 - 88.0 % |
Average value: 49.3 % Grade Count:308 |
Modulus of Elasticity |
2.36 - 310 GPa |
Average value: 196 GPa Grade Count:1175 |
Flexural Yield Strength |
58.0 - 938 MPa |
Average value: 479 MPa Grade Count:4 |
Compressive Yield Strength |
262 - 3000 MPa |
Average value: 1080 MPa Grade Count:11 |
Notched Tensile Strength |
710 - 2230 MPa |
Average value: 1740 MPa Grade Count:30 |
Bulk Modulus |
166 GPa |
Average value: 166 GPa Grade Count:14 |
Poissons Ratio |
0.120 - 0.380 |
Average value: 0.282 Grade Count:310 |
Fatigue Strength |
85.0 - 1070 MPa |
Average value: 439 MPa Grade Count:54 |
Fracture Toughness |
17.6 - 165 MPa-m½ |
Average value: 90.9 MPa-m½ Grade Count:9 |
Machinability |
18.0 - 65.0 % |
Average value: 31.7 % Grade Count:126 |
Shear Modulus |
62.1 - 86.5 GPa |
Average value: 77.6 GPa Grade Count:324 |
Shear Strength |
74.5 - 597 MPa |
Average value: 358 MPa Grade Count:5 |
Izod Impact |
16.3 - 208 J |
Average value: 115 J Grade Count:140 |
Izod Impact Unnotched |
13.6 - 149 J |
Average value: 77.8 J Grade Count:13 |
Charpy Impact |
0.500 - 404 J |
Average value: 115 J Grade Count:253 |
Charpy Impact, Unnotched |
7.46 - 294 J |
Average value: 157 J Grade Count:9 |
Charpy Impact Unnotched |
1.59 - 60.0 J/cm² |
Average value: 22.0 J/cm² Grade Count:3 |
Charpy Impact, Notched |
0.710 - 294 J/cm² |
Average value: 137 J/cm² Grade Count:5 |
Taber Abrasion, mg/1000 Cycles |
3.20 - 30.0 |
Average value: 11.3 Grade Count:3 |
Electrical Properties |
Metric |
Comments |
Electrical Resistivity |
0.00000450 - 0.000145 ohm-cm |
Average value: 0.0000729 ohm-cm Grade Count:962 |
Magnetic Permeability |
1.00 - 3000 |
Average value: 178 Grade Count:316 |
Magnetic Coercive Force, Hc |
1.20 - 7.00 Oe |
Average value: 2.40 Oe Grade Count:6 |
Magnetic Saturation Flux Density, Bmax |
11900 - 17000 Gauss |
Average value: 15000 Gauss Grade Count:6 |
Magnetic Remanence, Br |
2500 - 8500 Gauss |
Average value: 6000 Gauss Grade Count:6 |
Curie Temperature |
-115 - 732 °C |
Average value: 266 °C Grade Count:14 |
Thermal Properties |
Metric |
Comments |
CTE, linear |
7.02 - 21.1 µm/m-°C |
Average value: 15.4 µm/m-°C Grade Count:977 |
Specific Heat Capacity |
0.200 - 0.850 J/g-°C |
Average value: 0.478 J/g-°C Grade Count:934 |
Thermal Conductivity |
10.0 - 34.3 W/m-K |
Average value: 16.7 W/m-K Grade Count:567 |
Melting Point |
1230 - 1530 °C |
Average value: 1440 °C Grade Count:580 |
Solidus |
1230 - 1480 °C |
Average value: 1410 °C Grade Count:553 |
Liquidus |
1360 - 1530 °C |
Average value: 1460 °C Grade Count:553 |
Maximum Service Temperature, Air |
100 - 1400 °C |
Average value: 837 °C Grade Count:368 |
Minimum Service Temperature, Air |
-200 - -30.0 °C |
Average value: -133 °C Grade Count:26 |
Optical Properties |
Metric |
Comments |
Emissivity (0-1) |
0.7 |
Average value: 0.700 Grade Count:4 |
Processing Properties |
Metric |
Comments |
Processing Temperature |
382 - 863 °C |
Average value: 767 °C Grade Count:4 |
Annealing Temperature |
593 - 1200 °C |
Average value: 977 °C Grade Count:31 |
Hot-Working Temperature |
482 - 1290 °C |
Average value: 960 °C Grade Count:13 |