Slip-on flanges are an important part of piping system as they are closely associated with creating the airtight and sealed connections between the pipes and valves. Theses flanges are sliding over the tube-end and welded to obtain a watertight, robust connection. Our website displays correct mechanical properties, weight, dimensions, size, and physio-chemical properties of slip-on flanges which allows you to select suitable products that give you expected results and operates reliably. Tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, hardness, nominal weight, actual weight, nominal pipe size, flange size, thickness, schedule number, wall thickness, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity are all parameters in our comprehensive chart and table, which contains detailed information. Equipped with this knowledge, you will be capable to choose slip-on flanges that are your project's right fit and also, you can be sure of their performance and longevity.
| Nominal Pipe Size | Outside diameter of flange (D) | Thick of flange (B) | Diameter of Hub at base (A) | Diameter of raised face (G) | Length thru Hub (H) | Dia of bore (ID) | No of holes | Dia of holes (L) | Dia of bolts | Diam of bolt circle (K) | Approx weight kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 88.9 | 11.2 | 35.1 | 30.2 | 15.7 | 22.4 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 60.5 | 0.5 |
| 3/4 | 98.6 | 12.7 | 42.9 | 38.1 | 15.7 | 27.7 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 69.9 | 1 |
| 1 | 108 | 14.2 | 50.8 | 49.3 | 17.5 | 34.5 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 79.2 | 1 |
| 1-1/4 | 117.3 | 15.7 | 63.5 | 58.7 | 20.6 | 43.2 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 88.9 | 1 |
| 1-1/2 | 127 | 17.5 | 73.2 | 65 | 22.4 | 49.5 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 98.6 | 1 |
| 2 | 152.4 | 19.1 | 91.9 | 77.7 | 25.4 | 62 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 120.7 | 2 |
| 2-1/2 | 177.8 | 22.4 | 104.6 | 90.4 | 28.4 | 74.7 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 139.7 | 3 |
| 3 | 190.5 | 23.9 | 127 | 108 | 30.2 | 90.7 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 152.4 | 4 |
| 3-1/2 | 215.9 | 23.9 | 139.7 | 122.2 | 31.8 | 103.4 | 8 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 177.8 | 5 |
| 4 | 228.6 | 23.9 | 157.2 | 134.9 | 33.3 | 116.1 | 8 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 190.5 | 6 |
| 5 | 254 | 23.9 | 185.7 | 163.6 | 36.6 | 143.8 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 215.9 | 7 |
| 6 | 279.4 | 25.4 | 215.9 | 192 | 39.6 | 170.7 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 241.3 | 9 |
| 8 | 342.9 | 28.4 | 269.7 | 246.1 | 44.5 | 221.5 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 298.5 | 14 |
| 10 | 406.4 | 30.2 | 323.9 | 304.8 | 49.3 | 276.4 | 12 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 362 | 20 |
| 12 | 482.6 | 31.8 | 381 | 365.3 | 55.6 | 327.2 | 12 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 431.8 | 29 |
| 14 | 533.4 | 35.1 | 412.8 | 400.1 | 57.2 | 359.2 | 12 | 28.4 | 1 | 476.3 | 41 |
| 16 | 596.9 | 36.6 | 469.9 | 457.2 | 63.5 | 410.5 | 16 | 28.4 | 1 | 539.8 | 44 |
| 18 | 635 | 39.6 | 533.4 | 505 | 68.3 | 461.8 | 16 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 577.9 | 59 |
| 20 | 698.5 | 42.9 | 584.2 | 558.8 | 73.2 | 513.1 | 20 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 635 | 75 |
| 24 | 812.8 | 47.8 | 692.2 | 663.4 | 82.6 | 616 | 20 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 749.3 | 100 |
| Nominal Pipe Size | Outside diameter of flange (D) | Thick of flange (B) | Diameter of Hub at base (A) | Diameter of raised face (G) | Length thru Hub (H) | Dia of bore (ID) | No of holes | Dia of holes (L) | Dia of bolts | Diam of bolt circle (K) | Approx weight kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 95.3 | 14.2 | 35.1 | 38.1 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 66.5 | 1 |
| 3/4 | 117.3 | 15.7 | 42.9 | 47.8 | 25.4 | 27.7 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 82.6 | 1 |
| 1 | 124 | 17.5 | 50.8 | 53.8 | 26.9 | 34.5 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 88.9 | 1 |
| 1-1/4 | 133.4 | 19.1 | 63.5 | 63.5 | 26.9 | 43.2 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 98.6 | 2 |
| 1-1/2 | 155.4 | 20.6 | 73.2 | 69.9 | 30.2 | 49.5 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 114.3 | 3 |
| 2 | 165.1 | 22.4 | 91.9 | 84.1 | 33.3 | 62 | 8 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 127 | 3 |
| 2-1/2 | 190.5 | 25.4 | 104.6 | 100.1 | 38.1 | 74.7 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 149.4 | 5 |
| 3 | 209.6 | 28.4 | 127 | 117.3 | 42.9 | 90.7 | 22.4 | 8 | 3/4 | 168.1 | 6 |
| 3-1/2 | 228.6 | 30.2 | 139.7 | 133.4 | 44.5 | 103.4 | 22.4 | 8 | 3/4 | 184.2 | 8 |
| 4 | 254 | 31.8 | 157.2 | 146.1 | 47.8 | 116.1 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 200.2 | 10 |
| 5 | 279.4 | 35.1 | 185.7 | 177.8 | 50.8 | 143.8 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 235 | 13 |
| 6 | 317.5 | 36.6 | 215.9 | 206.2 | 52.3 | 170.7 | 12 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 269.7 | 18 |
| 8 | 381 | 41.1 | 269.7 | 260.4 | 62 | 221.5 | 12 | 25.4 | 73/93 | 330.2 | 26 |
| 10 | 444.5 | 47.8 | 323.9 | 320.5 | 66.5 | 276.4 | 16 | 28.4 | 1 | 387.4 | 37 |
| 12 | 520.7 | 50.8 | 381 | 374.7 | 73.2 | 327.2 | 16 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 450.9 | 52 |
| 14 | 584.2 | 53.8 | 412.8 | 425.5 | 76.2 | 359.2 | 20 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 514.4 | 75 |
| 16 | 647.7 | 57.2 | 469.9 | 482.6 | 82.6 | 410.5 | 20 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 571.5 | 86 |
| 18 | 711.2 | 60.5 | 533.4 | 533.4 | 88.9 | 461.8 | 24 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 628.7 | 113 |
| 20 | 774.7 | 63.5 | 584.2 | 587.2 | 95.3 | 513.1 | 24 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 685.8 | 143 |
| 24 | 914.4 | 69.9 | 692.2 | 701.5 | 106.4 | 616 | 24 | 41.1 | 1-1/2 | 812.8 | 215 |
| Nominal Pipe Size | Outside diameter of flange (D) | Thick of flange (B) | Diameter of Hub at base (A) | Diameter of raised face (G) | Length thru Hub (H) | Dia of bore (ID) | No of holes | Dia of holes (L) | Dia of bolts | Diam of bolt circle (K) | Approx weight kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 95.3 | 14.2 | 35.1 | 38.1 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 4 | 15.7 | 1/2 | 66.5 | 1 |
| 3/4 | 117.3 | 15.7 | 42.9 | 47.8 | 25.4 | 27.7 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 82.6 | 1 |
| 1 | 124 | 17.5 | 50.8 | 53.8 | 26.9 | 34.5 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 88.9 | 2 |
| 1-1/4 | 133.4 | 20.6 | 63.5 | 63.5 | 28.4 | 43.2 | 4 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 98.6 | 2 |
| 1-1/2 | 155.4 | 22.4 | 73.2 | 69.9 | 31.8 | 49.5 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 114.3 | 3 |
| 2 | 165.1 | 25.4 | 91.9 | 84.1 | 36.6 | 62 | 8 | 19.1 | 5/8 | 127 | 4 |
| 2-1/2 | 190.5 | 28.4 | 104.6 | 100.1 | 41.1 | 74.7 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 149.4 | 6 |
| 3 | 209.6 | 31.8 | 127 | 117.3 | 46 | 90.7 | 8 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 168.1 | 7 |
| 3-1/2 | 228.6 | 35.1 | 139.7 | 133.4 | 49.3 | 103.4 | 8 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 184.2 | 10 |
| 4 | 273.1 | 38.1 | 157.2 | 152.4 | 53.8 | 116.1 | 8 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 215.9 | 17 |
| 5 | 330.2 | 44.5 | 185.7 | 189 | 60.5 | 143.8 | 8 | 28.4 | 1 | 266.7 | 29 |
| 8 | 419.1 | 55.6 | 269.7 | 273.1 | 76.2 | 221.5 | 12 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 349.3 | 52 |
| 10 | 508 | 63.5 | 323.9 | 342.9 | 85.9 | 276.4 | 16 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 431.8 | 77 |
| 12 | 558.8 | 66.5 | 381 | 400.1 | 91.9 | 327.2 | 20 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 489 | 91 |
| 14 | 603.3 | 69.9 | 412.8 | 431.8 | 93.7 | 359.2 | 20 | 38.1 | 1-3/8 | 527.1 | 104 |
| 16 | 685.8 | 76.2 | 469.9 | 495.3 | 106.4 | 410.5 | 20 | 41.1 | 1-1/2 | 603.3 | 150 |
| 18 | 743 | 82.6 | 533.4 | 546.1 | 117.3 | 461.8 | 20 | 44.5 | 1-5/8 | 654.1 | 181 |
| 20 | 812.8 | 88.9 | 584.2 | 609.6 | 127 | 513.1 | 24 | 44.5 | 1-5/8 | 723.9 | 231 |
| 24 | 939.8 | 101.6 | 692.2 | 717.6 | 139.7 | 616 | 24 | 50.8 | 1-7/8 | 838.2 | 331 |
| Nominal Pipe Size | Outside diameter of flange (D) | Thick of flange (B) | Diameter of Hub at base (A) | Diameter of raised face (G) | Length thru Hub (H) | Dia of bore (ID) | No of holes | Dia of holes (L) | Dia of bolts | Diam of bolt circle (K) | Approx weight kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 120.7 | 22.4 | 35.1 | 38.1 | 31.8 | 22.4 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 82.6 | 2 |
| 3/4 | 130 | 25.4 | 42.9 | 44.5 | 35.1 | 27.7 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 88.9 | 2 |
| 1 | 149.4 | 28.4 | 50.8 | 52.3 | 41.1 | 34.5 | 4 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 101.6 | 4 |
| 1-1/4 | 158.8 | 28.4 | 63.5 | 63.5 | 41.1 | 43.2 | 4 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 111.3 | 4 |
| 1-1/2 | 177.8 | 31.8 | 73.2 | 69.9 | 44.5 | 49.5 | 4 | 28.4 | 1 | 124 | 5 |
| 2 | 215.9 | 38.1 | 91.9 | 104.6 | 57.2 | 62 | 8 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 165.1 | 11 |
| 2-1/2 | 244.3 | 41.1 | 104.6 | 124 | 63.5 | 74.7 | 8 | 28.4 | 1 | 190.5 | 16 |
| 3 | 241.3 | 38.1 | 127 | 127 | 53.8 | 90.7 | 8 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 190.5 | 12 |
| 4 | 292.1 | 44.5 | 157.2 | 158.8 | 69.9 | 116.1 | 8 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 235 | 24 |
| 5 | 349.3 | 50.8 | 185.7 | 190.5 | 79.2 | 143.8 | 8 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 279.4 | 38 |
| 6 | 381 | 55.6 | 215.9 | 235 | 85.9 | 170.7 | 31.8 | 12 | 1-1/8 | 317.5 | 50 |
| 8 | 469.9 | 63.5 | 269.7 | 298.5 | 101.6 | 221.5 | 12 | 38.1 | 1-3/8 | 393.7 | 77 |
| 10 | 546.1 | 69.9 | 323.9 | 368.3 | 108 | 276.4 | 16 | 38.1 | 1-3/8 | 469.9 | 111 |
| 12 | 609.6 | 79.2 | 381 | 419.1 | 117.3 | 327.2 | 20 | 38.1 | 1-3/8 | 533.4 | 147 |
| 14 | 641.4 | 85.9 | 412.8 | 450.9 | 130 | 359.2 | 20 | 41.1 | 1-1/2 | 558.8 | 181 |
| 16 | 704.9 | 88.9 | 469.9 | 508 | 133.4 | 410.5 | 20 | 44.5 | 1-5/8 | 41.3 | 616 |
| 18 | 787.4 | 101.6 | 533.4 | 565.2 | 152.4 | 461.8 | 20 | 50.8 | 1-7/8 | 685.8 | 272 |
| 20 | 857.3 | 108 | 584.2 | 622.3 | 158.8 | 513.1 | 20 | 53.8 | 2 | 749.3 | 331 |
| 24 | 1041.4 | 139.7 | 692.2 | 749.3 | 203.2 | 616 | 20 | 66.5 | 2-1/2 | 901.7 | 635 |
| Nominal Pipe Size | Outside diameter of flange (D) | Thick of flange (B) | Diameter of Hub at base (A) | Diameter of raised face (G) | Length thru Hub (H) | Dia of bore (ID) | No of holes | Dia of holes (L) | Dia of bolts | Diam of bolt circle (K) | Approx weight kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 120.7 | 22.4 | 35.1 | 38.1 | 31.8 | 22.4 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 82.6 | 2 |
| 3/4 | 130 | 25.4 | 42.9 | 44.5 | 35.1 | 27.7 | 4 | 22.4 | 3/4 | 88.9 | 2 |
| 1 | 149.4 | 28.4 | 50.8 | 52.3 | 41.1 | 34.5 | 4 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 101.6 | 4 |
| 1-1/4 | 158.8 | 28.4 | 63.5 | 63.5 | 41.1 | 43.2 | 4 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 111.3 | 4 |
| 1-1/2 | 177.8 | 31.8 | 73.2 | 69.9 | 44.5 | 49.5 | 4 | 28.4 | 1 | 124 | 5 |
| 2 | 215.9 | 38.1 | 91.9 | 104.6 | 57.2 | 62 | 8 | 25.4 | 7/8 | 165.1 | 11 |
| 2-1/2 | 244.3 | 41.1 | 104.6 | 124 | 63.5 | 74.7 | 8 | 28.4 | 1 | 190.5 | 16 |
| 3 | 266.7 | 47.8 | 127 | 133.4 | 73.2 | - | 8 | 31.8 | 1-1/8 | 203.2 | 22 |
| 4 | 311.2 | 53.8 | 157.2 | 162.1 | 90.4 | - | 8 | 35.1 | 1-1/4 | 241.3 | 33 |
| 5 | 374.7 | 73.2 | 185.7 | 196.9 | 104.6 | - | 8 | 41.1 | 1-1/2 | 292.1 | 59 |
| 6 | 393.7 | 82.6 | 215.9 | 228.6 | 119.1 | - | 12 | 38.1 | 1-3/8 | 317.5 | 75 |
| 8 | 482.6 | 91.9 | 269.7 | 292.1 | 142.7 | - | 12 | 44.5 | 1-5/8 | 393.7 | 118 |
| 10 | 584.2 | 108 | 323.9 | 368.3 | 158.8 | - | 12 | 50.8 | 1-7/8 | 482.6 | 197 |
| 12 | 673.1 | 124 | 381 | 450.9 | 180.8 | - | 16 | 53.8 | 2 | 571.5 | 263 |
| 14 | 749.3 | 133.4 | 412.8 | 495.3 | - | - | 16 | 60.5 | 2-1/4 | 635 | - |
| 16 | 825.5 | 146.1 | 469.9 | 552.5 | - | - | 16 | 66.5 | 2-1/2 | 704.9 | - |
| 18 | 914.4 | 162.1 | 533.4 | 596.9 | - | - | 16 | 73.2 | 2-3/4 | 774.7 | - |
| 20 | 984.3 | 177.8 | 584.2 | 641.4 | - | - | 16 | 79.2 | 3 | 831.9 | - |
| 24 | 1168.4 | 203.2 | 692.2 | 762 | - | - | 16 | 91.9 | 3-1/2 | 990.6 | - |
| Physical Properties | Metric | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 0.190 - 9.01 g/cc | Average value: 7.79 g/cc Grade Count:1432 |
| Porosity | 0.000 - 5.00 % | Average value: 2.97 % Grade Count:15 |
| Particle Size | 0.000 - 300 µm | Average value: 37.9 µm Grade Count:88 |
| Permeability | 0.0150 - 1.00 | Average value: 0.509 Grade Count:4 |
| Thickness | 20.0 - 508 microns | Average value: 86.8 microns Grade Count:14 |
| Mechanical Properties | Metric | Comments |
| Hardness, Brinell | 80.0 - 600 | Average value: 251 Grade Count:564 |
| Hardness, Knoop | 97.0 - 662 | Average value: 301 Grade Count:276 |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 51.1 - 58.0 | Average value: 54.0 Grade Count:8 |
| Hardness, Rockwell B | 37.0 - 130 | Average value: 86.2 Grade Count:503 |
| Hardness, Rockwell C | 10.0 - 71.0 | Average value: 39.6 Grade Count:447 |
| Hardness, Vickers | 82.0 - 1100 | Average value: 294 Grade Count:339 |
| Tensile Strength, Ultimate | 32.3 - 3100 MPa | Average value: 935 MPa Grade Count:1729 |
| Tensile Strength, Yield | 25.0 - 2500 MPa | Average value: 669 MPa Grade Count:1638 |
| Elongation at Break | 0.000 - 88.0 % | Average value: 26.5 % Grade Count:1583 |
| Elongation at Yield | 0.000 - 62.0 % | Average value: 22.7 % Grade Count:22 |
| Reduction of Area | 0.500 - 88.0 % | Average value: 49.3 % Grade Count:308 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 2.36 - 310 GPa | Average value: 196 GPa Grade Count:1175 |
| Flexural Yield Strength | 58.0 - 938 MPa | Average value: 479 MPa Grade Count:4 |
| Compressive Yield Strength | 262 - 3000 MPa | Average value: 1080 MPa Grade Count:11 |
| Notched Tensile Strength | 710 - 2230 MPa | Average value: 1740 MPa Grade Count:30 |
| Bulk Modulus | 166 GPa | Average value: 166 GPa Grade Count:14 |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.120 - 0.380 | Average value: 0.282 Grade Count:310 |
| Fatigue Strength | 85.0 - 1070 MPa | Average value: 439 MPa Grade Count:54 |
| Fracture Toughness | 17.6 - 165 MPa-m½ | Average value: 90.9 MPa-m½ Grade Count:9 |
| Machinability | 18.0 - 65.0 % | Average value: 31.7 % Grade Count:126 |
| Shear Modulus | 62.1 - 86.5 GPa | Average value: 77.6 GPa Grade Count:324 |
| Shear Strength | 74.5 - 597 MPa | Average value: 358 MPa Grade Count:5 |
| Izod Impact | 16.3 - 208 J | Average value: 115 J Grade Count:140 |
| Izod Impact Unnotched | 13.6 - 149 J | Average value: 77.8 J Grade Count:13 |
| Charpy Impact | 0.500 - 404 J | Average value: 115 J Grade Count:253 |
| Charpy Impact, Unnotched | 7.46 - 294 J | Average value: 157 J Grade Count:9 |
| Charpy Impact Unnotched | 1.59 - 60.0 J/cm² | Average value: 22.0 J/cm² Grade Count:3 |
| Charpy Impact, Notched | 0.710 - 294 J/cm² | Average value: 137 J/cm² Grade Count:5 |
| Taber Abrasion, mg/1000 Cycles | 3.20 - 30.0 | Average value: 11.3 Grade Count:3 |
| Electrical Properties | Metric | Comments |
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000450 - 0.000145 ohm-cm | Average value: 0.0000729 ohm-cm Grade Count:962 |
| Magnetic Permeability | 1.00 - 3000 | Average value: 178 Grade Count:316 |
| Magnetic Coercive Force, Hc | 1.20 - 7.00 Oe | Average value: 2.40 Oe Grade Count:6 |
| Magnetic Saturation Flux Density, Bmax | 11900 - 17000 Gauss | Average value: 15000 Gauss Grade Count:6 |
| Magnetic Remanence, Br | 2500 - 8500 Gauss | Average value: 6000 Gauss Grade Count:6 |
| Curie Temperature | -115 - 732 °C | Average value: 266 °C Grade Count:14 |
| Thermal Properties | Metric | Comments |
| CTE, linear | 7.02 - 21.1 µm/m-°C | Average value: 15.4 µm/m-°C Grade Count:977 |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.200 - 0.850 J/g-°C | Average value: 0.478 J/g-°C Grade Count:934 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 10.0 - 34.3 W/m-K | Average value: 16.7 W/m-K Grade Count:567 |
| Melting Point | 1230 - 1530 °C | Average value: 1440 °C Grade Count:580 |
| Solidus | 1230 - 1480 °C | Average value: 1410 °C Grade Count:553 |
| Liquidus | 1360 - 1530 °C | Average value: 1460 °C Grade Count:553 |
| Maximum Service Temperature, Air | 100 - 1400 °C | Average value: 837 °C Grade Count:368 |
| Minimum Service Temperature, Air | -200 - -30.0 °C | Average value: -133 °C Grade Count:26 |
| Optical Properties | Metric | Comments |
| Emissivity (0-1) | 0.7 | Average value: 0.700 Grade Count:4 |
| Processing Properties | Metric | Comments |
| Processing Temperature | 382 - 863 °C | Average value: 767 °C Grade Count:4 |
| Annealing Temperature | 593 - 1200 °C | Average value: 977 °C Grade Count:31 |
| Hot-Working Temperature | 482 - 1290 °C | Average value: 960 °C Grade Count:13 |
Examine with great details about all the things that slip-on flanges will need to inform you in our PDF Chart and Table. Our site offers the most comprehensive information database including mechanical specifications, weight, size, dimension and physical properties. Slip-on flanges, often being the parts of choice in piping systems for this reason, are meant for an easy installation and detachment. They glide on the pipe and are afterward welded in position. They could be of great use in a wide variety of applications with different industries. This resource becomes an easy-to-use guide for engineers, technicians, and all the related professionals involved in choosing and using slip-on flanges. Download from our site the PDF chart and table as it will streamline your project planning and execution.